Key environmental elements for offshore windfarm environmental affect evaluation

1. Underwater noise – Mortality, damage and behavioural results
2. Turbine interactions – Damage and mortality to birds and bats
3. Electromagnetic fields
4. Seabed disturbance – Lack of/hurt to benthic habitats
5. Disturbance of underwater cultural heritage
6. Bodily presence – Results on hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes
7. Bodily presence – Barrier results and displacement of marine fauna
8. Gentle emissions
9. Vessel interactions – Damage and mortality to marine fauna
10. Invasive marine species
11. Bodily presence – Socioeconomic: interference/displacement of present makes use of
12. Bodily presence – Socioeconomic: seascapes and visible amenity
13. A number of affect pathways – Australian marine parks and their values

Impression pathways. DCCEEW, July 2023

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